NAT :: essays research papers

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a standard used to allow multiple PCs on a private network to share a single, globally routable IPv4 address. NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and usually one address externally. The main reason NAT is often deployed is because IPv4 addresses are getting scarce. NAT is an immediate, but temporary, solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion problem that will eventually be rendered unnecessary with the deployment of the IPv6. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been aware of the impending depletion of the current address space for almost a decade. The increasing use of NAT comes from a number of factors. The major factor is that there is a world shortage of IP addresses. As the Internet has grown, assigning perfectly good network addresses to private networks came to be seen as a waste. Under the Network Address Translation (NAT) standard, certain IP addresses were set aside for reuse by private networks. In addition to reducing the number of IPv4 addresses needed, NAT also provides a layer of obscurity for the private network, because all hosts outside of the private network observe communication through the one shared IP address. NAT is not the same thing as a firewall or a proxy server, but it does contribute to security. NAT also succeeds in the ease and flexibility of network administration. It can divide a large network into several smaller ones by exposing only one IP address to the outside, which means that computers can be added, removed, or have their addresses changed without impacting external networks. Other benef its include Protocol-level protection, Automatic client computer configuration control, and Packet level filtering and routing. In using NAT, hosts on the Internet appear to be communicating directly with the NAT device rather than with the actual host inside the private network. Inbound packets are sent to the NAT device's IP address and the device changes the destination packet header from its own Internet address to the private network address of the true destination host. The result is that, in theory, a single globally unique IP address is used for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of privately addressed hosts. In practice, however, there are drawbacks. For one thing, many Internet protocols and applications depend on the network being truly end-to-end, with packets forwarded entirely unmodified from the source to the destination.

Ethical considerations Essay

Deception; the participants were not aware that they were taking part in a psychological study about memory until after the study had taken place in order to reduce the risk of bias in the experiment. Afterwards they were informed and were given the opportunity to withdraw their responses without prejudice. They were told that no names would be recorded and that confidentiality was assured of their result. Another risk would be if people then realised the experiment tested memory they could think it was to do with intelligence and worry that they would be judged as stupid’ if they did not remember many words. This could cause psychological distress to that person and might confirm personal fears of insecurity causing further damage. This could be controlled by warning the participant what the study was going to be about before they did it so if they felt embarrassed or worried about their result they could make a more informed decision not to take part. Results This table shows how many words were recalled by each participant. It shows that the mean average number of words recalled in Condition A was 15.08; 1.59 less than condition B at 16.67. It also allows us to see that 2/3 of the participants recalled more words with classical music playing than they did in silence.  Summary table to show the number of words recalled by each participant in condition A and. Condition B This bar chart shows condition A results in red and condition B in green. From this we can see that both the highest and lowest numbers of words recalled were in condition B. This bar chart clearly demonstrates the difference between condition A and B to vary greatly throughout the experiment.  This pie chart shows the difference between the average scores to be quite insignificant as there is only a 5 % difference which means that although most of the numbers of words recalled did increase from condition a to condition b there was not a big difference when taking into account what their scores actually were and working out the average. I also deduced the range to be 12 for condition A, the lowest/ highest values being 8 and 20, and 17 for condition B, the lowest/ highest values being 7 and 24. The median, however, for both was the same at 16.5. This means there was a wider spread list of values for condition B therefore more variation in how many words people remembered than in condition A.  However the descriptive statistics used above only describe what has been found. In order to suggest the probability of achieving the scores that we did, an inferential sign test was used. A sign test was used as the experimental design was a repeated measures design and the data collected was nominal. When we applied our raw data to the sign test analysis a sign value of 4 was achieved. As this exceeds the critical value of 2, for 12 participants, we can suggest that the raw data achieved is more than 5% due to chance factors and less than 95% due to the manipulation of the independent variable which means our original hypothesis is only partially supported. Discussion From the results obtained in this experiment, we can suggest that our one tailed experimental hypothesis of ‘playing classical music during a memory test will increase the number of words remembered’, is only partially supported, in that only 2/3 (66.67%) of participants recall improved when tested with classical music. This was not found to achieve a significant level of probability < 0.05, which means that recall was not 95% or more due to the manipulation of the independent variable i.e. whether or not classical music was playing in the background. Therefore on this occasion we must accept our null hypothesis of ‘there will be no significant relationship between whether or not music is played in the background and how many words the participants remember’ as there was not a high enough probability to suggest that the variation in number of words recalled was a direct effect of the manipulation of the independent variable. In our experiment we found that classical music did improve performance of memory as 2/3 of the participants recall improved. This disagrees with the findings of Cohen whose study suggested that participants who were exposed to background noise were cognitively impaired. Our experiment was similar to Cohen’s in that it tested the effect of environmental stimulants on recall ability. Cohen, however, tested the participants under exposure to aircraft noise which is much louder and more distracting than a relaxing piece of music such as Mozart. Our findings, therefore, may be more appropriately compared to the findings of Dr. George Lozanov. Lozanov designed a way to teach foreign languages to children in a fraction of the learning time. He did this by teaching whilst using certain 60 beats per minute Baroque music and found that his students had a retention rate of 92% and an accuracy of 85- 100% after only thirty days. The findings of which reflect our own in that he used classical music, with the typical 60 beat per minute pattern, to improve performance of memory in the recollection of vocabulary in foreign languages. However, the percentage of improvement in his experiment was 92%, whereas ours was only 66.67% and therefore shows that his experiment was more accurate than our own However, as our participants were young adults and not children, as in the above, direct and reliable comparisons may not be fully appropriate. This could be due to wider social influences upon adults in relation to children for example a young adult would understand the instructions better and therefore might feel under more pressure to perform than a child. This could have adverse effects and make their performance worse or make them try harder than a child would. Due to this ignorance on the child’s behalf, an experiment involving children is often more natural. Also, differences in procedure and experimental design may have led to the difference in findings. For example Lozanov choose to teach foreign languages to children and it has been proven that children have a higher capacity than adults for learning language, as they are not as set in speaking their own language as an adult is. The differences found may have related to this factor and so had an effect upon the data that we achieved. If my experiment had been carried out on children instead I think I would have gotten more positive results due to the above reasons. Other limitations include our choice of method; an experiment is not a natural setting as participants would feel pressurised by the fact that their results were being analysed and might have not been able to concentrate on recalling the words. An improvement could have been a test administered by a normal teacher in a classroom environment, where students would be more used to getting a test and might be more relaxed. This would be unethical, however as it is deceptive. The repeated measures design used meant that the list of words in the second experiment had to be changed because the same participants had seen it in the first experiment and therefore might recall more words after looking at it for a second time. This would have meant the results were inaccurate therefore another list of words was devised. This could however have caused even more problems because, although care was taken not to use more confusing or longer words from one list to another, the experiment was not standardised and therefore direct comparisons could not be made. A matched pairs design would have allowed comparisons to be made between the lists, but not as accurately between the participants, as every participant will be different. The opportunity based sample that I used meant that there weren’t an equal number of males and females, therefore it wasn’t representative. A better sampling technique would be to use stratified sampling, in which equal numbers of the same sex can be selected. If the target population was larger, the sample would have been more representative but we needed to use similarly aged participants, as there would have been difference in recall ability between, for example, a four and an eighteen year old. Using people from our own class could have interfered with the result because the participants knew who they were doing the experiment for and could be biased to the experimenter. Also, I think that using younger participants would have given a more natural element to the experiment, as they would not ask too many questions, worry about the results or interfere as much with the experiment by not trying their best. The participants did not seem to be confused by the standardised instructions but they might not have been clear on why they were doing the experiment, which could have had an effect on their performance. The participants were also talked through the experiment as we carried it out and everything was plainly stated to them. A better way of presentation of the words however, might have been to present them on an over head projector, so that timing could be controlled better; in our experiment, participants were in control of turning over the sheet of paper with the list on and therefore could have turned it over before the test started. The paper was only one sheet thick as well so participants might have been able to see the words even when the sheet was face down. To expand the experiment further, there are many different variables and different aspects of memory which I could test. The serial position effect, mentioned in my introduction, would be an interesting aspect of memory to test as I noticed in the lists of words there were a significant number of words from the start and the end of the actual list, included in the words the participants remembered. We could test this by setting a quota at, say, the first five and last five words and seeing what percentage of the recalled words were within one of these quotas. We could have used a recording of background noise to repeat Cohen’s experiment or used music with words to test the participants. A really interesting experiment would be to use children against adults in a memory test with the classical music, as I believe children would give a more positive result in relation to my hypothesis. I don’t believe that there would be a significant difference between males and females, if any, but it would be worth considering. We could have tested different amounts of words see if there is a difference in capacity of recall between a list of one hundred words and thirty words; would the participants be put off by the amount of words and not remember as many for the long list as the short? There are clearly many different experiments relating to memory that could be tested.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seven

And that, Jack decided, was his cue to leave as well. Not that he had any great love for the duke. Indeed, he'd had quite enough of his marvelous lordliness for one day and was perfectly happy to see his back as he left the room. But the thought of remaining here with the dowager†¦ Even Miss Eversleigh's delightful company was not enough of a temptation to endure more of that. â€Å"I believe I shall retire as well,† he announced. â€Å"Wyndham did not retire,† the dowager said peevishly. â€Å"He went out.† â€Å"Then I shall retire,† Jack said. He smiled blandly. â€Å"End of sentence.† â€Å"It's barely dark,† the dowager pointed out. â€Å"I'm tired.† It was true. He was. â€Å"My John used to stay up until the wee hours,† she said softly. Jack sighed. He did not want to feel sorry for this woman. She was hard, ruthless, and thoroughly unlikable. But she had, apparently, loved her son. His father. And she'd lost him. A mother shouldn't outlive her children. He knew this as well as he knew how to breathe. It was unnatural. And so instead of pointing out that her John had most likely never been kidnapped, strangled, blackmailed, and stripped of his (albeit paltry) livelihood, all in one day, he walked forward and set her ring – the very one he had all but snatched from her finger – on the table next to her. His own was in his pocket. He was not quite prepared to share its existence with her. â€Å"Your ring, madam,† he said. She nodded, then took it into her hands. â€Å"What is the D for?† he asked. His whole life, he'd wondered. He might as well gain something from this debacle. â€Å"Debenham. My birth surname.† Ah. It made sense. She'd have given her own heirlooms to her favorite son. â€Å"My father was the Duke of Runthorpe.† â€Å"I am not surprised,† he murmured. She could decide for herself if that was a compliment. He bowed. â€Å"Good evening, your grace.† The dowager's mouth tightened with disappointment. But she seemed to recognize that if there had been a battle that day, she was the only one who had emerged victorious, and she was surprisingly gracious as she said, â€Å"I shall have supper sent up.† Jack nodded and murmured his thanks, then turned to exit. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh will show you to your room.† At that Jack snapped to attention, and when he looked Miss Eversleigh's way, he saw that she had, too. He had been expecting a footman. Possibly the butler. This was a delightful surprise. â€Å"Is that a problem, Miss Eversleigh?† the dowager asked. Her voice sounded sly, a little bit taunting. â€Å"Of course not,† Miss Eversleigh replied. Her eyes were clouded but not entirely unreadable. She was surprised. He could see it by the way her lashes seemed to reach a little higher toward her brows. She was not used to being ordered to tend to anyone except the dowager. Her employer, he decided, did not like to share her. And as his eyes fell again to her lips, he decided that he was in complete accord. If she were his, if he had any right to her†¦he would not wish to share her, either. He wanted to kiss her again. He wanted to touch her, just a soft brush of hand against skin, so fleeting that it could only be deemed accidental. But more than any of that, he wanted use of her name. Grace. He liked it. He found it soothing. â€Å"See to his comfort, Miss Eversleigh.† Jack turned to the dowager with widening eyes. She sat like a statue, her hands folded primly in her lap, but the corners of her mouth were tilted ever so slightly up, and her eyes looked cunning and amused. She was giving Grace to him. As clear as day, she was telling him to make use of her companion, if that was his desire. Good Lord. What sort of family had he fallen into? â€Å"As you wish, ma'am,† Miss Eversleigh replied, and in that moment Jack felt soiled, almost dirty, because he was quite certain she had no idea that her employer was attempting to whore her off on him. It was the most appalling sort of bribe. Stay the night, and you can have the girl. It sickened him. Doubly so, because he wanted the girl. He just didn't want her given to him. â€Å"It is most kind of you, Miss Eversleigh,† he said, feeling as if he had to be extra polite to make up for the dowager. They reached the door, and then, before he forgot, he turned back. He and the duke had spoken only tersely on their outing, but on one matter they had been in accord. â€Å"Oh, by the by, should anyone ask, I am a friend of Wyndham's. From years gone by.† â€Å"From university?† Miss Eversleigh suggested. Jack fought back a grim chuckle. â€Å"No. I did not attend.† â€Å"You did not attend!† the dowager gasped. â€Å"I was led to believe you'd had a gentleman's education.† â€Å"By whom?† Jack inquired, ever so politely. She sputtered at that for a moment, and then finally she scowled and said, â€Å"It is in your speech.† â€Å"Felled by my accent.† He looked at Miss Eversleigh and shrugged. â€Å"Pommy R's and proper H's. What's a man to do?† But the dowager was not prepared to let the subject drop. â€Å"You are educated, are you not?† It was tempting to claim he'd been schooled with the local lads, if only to witness her reaction. But he owed his aunt and uncle better than that, and so he turned to the dowager and said, â€Å"Portora Royal, followed by two months at Trinity College – Dublin, that is, not Cambridge – and then six years serving in His Majesty's army and protecting you from invasion.† He cocked his head to the side. â€Å"I'll take those thanks now, if you will.† The dowager's lips parted with outrage. â€Å"No?† He lifted his brows. â€Å"Funny how no one seems to care that they still speak English and curtsy to good King George.† â€Å"I do,† Miss Eversleigh said. And when he looked at her, she blinked and added, â€Å"Er, thank you.† â€Å"You're welcome,† he said, and it occurred to him that this was the first time he'd had cause to say it. Sadly, the dowager was not unique in her sense of entitlement. Soldiers were occasionally feted, and it was true that the uniforms were quite effective when attracting the ladies, but no one ever thought to say thank you. Not to him, and especially not to the men who'd suffered permanent injury or disfigurement. â€Å"Tell everyone we shared fencing lessons,† Jack said to Miss Eversleigh, ignoring the dowager as best he could. â€Å"It's as good a ruse as any. Wyndham says he's passable with a sword?† â€Å"I do not know,† she said. Of course she wouldn't. But no matter. If Wyndham had said he was passable, then he was almost certainly a master. They would be well-matched if ever they had to offer proof of their lie. Fencing had been his best subject in school. It was probably the only reason they had kept him to age eighteen. â€Å"Shall we?† he murmured, tilting his head toward the door. â€Å"The blue silk bedroom,† the dowager called out sourly. â€Å"She does not like to be left out of a conversation, does she?† Jack murmured, so that only Miss Eversleigh could hear. He'd known she could not answer, not with her employer so close, but he saw her eyes dart away, as if trying to hide her amusement. â€Å"You may retire for the night as well, Miss Eversleigh,† the dowager directed. Grace turned in surprise. â€Å"You don't wish for me to attend to you? It's early yet.† â€Å"Nancy can do it,† she replied with a pinch of her lips. â€Å"She's an acceptable hand with buttons, and what's more, she doesn't say a word. I find that to be an exceptionally good trait in a servant.† As Grace held her tongue more often than not, she decided to take that as a compliment, rather than the rear-door insult it was meant to be. â€Å"Of course, ma'am,† she said, bobbing a demure curtsy. â€Å"I shall see you in the morning, then, with your chocolate and the newspaper.† Mr. Audley was already at the door and was holding out his hand to motion for her to precede him, so she walked out into the hall. She had no idea what the dowager was up to, giving her the rest of the evening off, but she was not going to argue further. â€Å"Nancy is her maid,† she explained to Mr. Audley once he reached her side. â€Å"I'd guessed.† â€Å"It's most odd.† She shook her head. â€Å"She – â€Å" Mr. Audley waited rather patiently for her to finish her sentence, but Grace decided the better of it. She had been going to say that the dowager hated Nancy. In fact, the dowager complained most bitterly and at painful length each time she had a day out and Nancy served as a substitute. â€Å"You were saying, Miss Eversleigh?† he murmured. She almost told him. It was strange, because she barely knew him, and furthermore, he could not possibly be interested in the trivialities of the Belgrave household. Even if he did become the duke – and the thought of it still made her somewhat sick to her stomach – well, it wasn't as if Thomas could have identified any of the housemaids. And if asked which ones his grandmother disliked, he'd surely have said, All of them. Which, Grace thought with a wry smile, was probably true. â€Å"You're smiling, Miss Eversleigh,† Mr. Audley remarked, looking very much as if he were the one with a secret. â€Å"Do tell why.† â€Å"Oh, it's nothing,† she said. â€Å"Certainly nothing that would be of interest to you.† She motioned toward the staircase at the rear of the hall. â€Å"Here, the bedchambers are this way.† â€Å"You were smiling,† he said again, falling in step beside her. For some reason that made her smile anew. â€Å"I did not say that I wasn't.† â€Å"A lady who doesn't dissemble,† he said approvingly. â€Å"I find myself liking you more with every passing minute.† Grace pursed her lips, eyeing him over her shoulder. â€Å"That does not indicate a very high opinion of women.† â€Å"My apologies. I should have said a person who does not dissemble.† He flashed her a smile that shook her to her toes. â€Å"I would never claim that men and women are interchangeable, and thank heavens for that, but in matters of truthiness, neither sex earns high marks.† She looked at him in surprise. â€Å"I don't think truthiness is a word. In fact, I'm quite certain it is not.† â€Å"No?† His eyes darted to the side. Just for a second – not even a second, but it was long enough for her to wonder if she'd embarrassed him. Which couldn't be possible. He was so amazingly glib and comfortable in his own skin. One did not need more than a day's acquaintance to realize that. And indeed, his smile grew jaunty and lopsided, and his eyes positively twinkled as he said, â€Å"Well, it should be.† â€Å"Do you often make up words?† He shrugged modestly. â€Å"I try to restrain myself.† She looked at him with considerable disbelief. â€Å"I do,† he protested. He clasped one hand over his heart, as if wounded, but his eyes were laughing. â€Å"Why is it no one ever believes me when I tell them I am a moral and upstanding gentleman, on this earth with the every intention of following every rule.† â€Å"Perhaps it is because most people make your acquaintance when you order them out of a carriage with a gun?† â€Å"True,† he acknowledged. â€Å"It does color the relationship, doesn't it?† She looked at him, at the humor lurking in his emerald eyes, and she felt her lips tickle. She wanted to laugh. She wanted to laugh the way she'd laughed when her parents were alive, when she'd had the freedom to seek out life's absurdities and the time to make merry over them. It almost felt as if something were waking up within her. It felt lovely. It felt good. She wanted to thank him, but she'd sound the veriest fool. And so she did the next best thing. She apologized. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she said, pausing at the base of the stairs. That seemed to surprise him. â€Å"You're sorry?† â€Å"I am. For†¦today.† â€Å"For kidnapping me.† He sounded amused, vaguely so. Perhaps even condescending. â€Å"I didn't mean to,† she protested. â€Å"You were in the carriage,† he pointed out. â€Å"I do believe that any court of law would brand you an accomplice.† Oh, that was more than she could take. â€Å"This would, I assume, be the same court of law that sent you to the gallows earlier that same morning for pointing a loaded gun at a duchess.† â€Å"Tsk tsk. I told you it wasn't a hanging offense.† â€Å"No?† she murmured, echoing his earlier tone precisely. â€Å"It ought to be.† â€Å"Oh, you think?† â€Å"If truthiness gets to be a word, then accosting a duchess with a gun ought to be enough to get one hanged.† â€Å"You're quick,† he said admiringly. â€Å"Thank you,† she said, then admitted, â€Å"I'm out of practice.† â€Å"Yes.† He glanced down the hall toward the drawing room, where the dowager was presumably still enthroned upon her sofa. â€Å"She does keep you rather silent, doesn't she?† â€Å"Loquaciousness is not considered becoming in a servant.† â€Å"Is that how you see yourself?† His eyes met hers, searching her so deeply she almost stepped away. â€Å"A servant?† And then she did step away. Because whatever it was he was going to find in her, she wasn't so sure she wanted to see it. â€Å"We should not loiter,† she said, motioning for him to follow her up the stairs. â€Å"The blue silk bedroom is lovely. Very comfortable, and with excellent morning light. The artwork in particular is superb. I think you will like it.† She was babbling, but he was kind enough not to remark upon it, instead saying, â€Å"I'm sure it will be an improvement over my current lodgings.† She glanced over at him with surprise. â€Å"Oh. I had assumed – † She broke off, too embarrassed to remark that she'd thought him a homeless nomad. â€Å"A life of posting inns and grassy fields,† he said with an affected sigh. â€Å"Such is the fate of a highwayman.† â€Å"Do you enjoy it?† She surprised herself, both by asking it and also by how very curious she was in the answer. He grinned. â€Å"Robbing coaches?† She nodded. â€Å"It depends on who is in the coach,† he said softly. â€Å"I very much enjoyed not robbing you.† â€Å"Not robbing me?† She turned then, and the ice, which had been cracked, was officially broken. â€Å"I didn't take a thing, did I?† he returned, all innocence. â€Å"You stole a kiss.† â€Å"That,† he said, leaning forward with great cheek, â€Å"was freely given.† â€Å"Mr. Audley†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I do wish you'd call me Jack,† he sighed. â€Å"Mr. Audley,† she said again. â€Å"I did not – † She looked quickly about, then lowered her voice to an urgent whisper. â€Å"I did not†¦ do†¦what you said I did.† He smiled lazily. â€Å"When did ‘kiss' become such a dangerous word?† She clamped her lips together because truly there was no way she would gain the upper hand in this conversation. â€Å"Very well,† he said. â€Å"I shan't torment you.† It would have been a kind and generous statement if he hadn't followed it with: â€Å"Today.† But even then, she smiled. It was difficult not to, in his presence. They were in the upper hall now, and Grace turned toward the family apartments where he would be staying. They moved along in silence, giving her ample time to consider the gentleman beside her. She did not care what he'd said about not completing university. He was extremely intelligent, unique vocabulary notwithstanding. And there was no arguing against his charm. There was no reason he should not be gainfully employed. She could not ask him why he was robbing coaches, however. It was far too forward on so short an acquaintance. It was ironic, that. Who would have thought she'd be worried about manners and propriety with a thief? â€Å"This way,† she said, motioning for him to follow her to the left. â€Å"Who sleeps down there?† Mr. Audley asked, peering in the opposite direction. â€Å"His grace.† â€Å"Ah,† he said darkly. â€Å"His grace.† â€Å"He is a good man,† Grace said, feeling she must speak up for him. If Thomas had not behaved as he ought, it was certainly understandable. From the day of his birth, he'd been raised to be the Duke of Wyndham. And now, with the flimsiest of fate twists, he'd been informed that he might be nothing more than plain Mr. Cavendish. If Mr. Audley had had a rough day, well then, surely Thomas's was worse. â€Å"You admire the duke,† Mr. Audley stated. Grace couldn't quite tell if this was a question; she didn't think so. But either way, his tone was dry, as if he thought she was somewhat naive for doing so. â€Å"He is a good man,† she repeated firmly. â€Å"You will agree with me, once you further your acquaintance.† Mr. Audley let out an amused little puff of breath. â€Å"You sound like a servant now, starched and prim and properly loyal.† She scowled at him, but he clearly did not care, because he was already grinning and saying, â€Å"Are you going to defend the dowager next? I should like to hear you do it, because I'm most curious as to how, exactly, one would attempt such a feat.† Grace could not imagine that he might actually expect her to reply. She turned, though, so he could not see her smile. â€Å"I could not manage it myself,† he continued, â€Å"and I'm told I have a most silver tongue.† He leaned forward, as if imparting a grave secret. â€Å"It's the Irish in me.† â€Å"You're a Cavendish,† she pointed out. â€Å"Only half.† And then he added, â€Å"Thank God.† â€Å"They're not so bad.† He let out a chuckle. â€Å"They're not so bad? That's your rousing defense?† And then heaven help her, she could not think of a single good thing to say except, â€Å"The dowager would give her life for the family.† â€Å"Pity she has not done so already.† Grace shot him a startled look. â€Å"You sound just like the duke.† â€Å"Yes, I'd noticed they had a warm and loving relationship.† â€Å"Here we are,† Grace said, pushing open the door to his chamber. She stepped back then. It could not be proper for her to accompany him into his room. Five years she'd been at Belgrave, and she'd never once stepped foot inside Thomas's chambers. She might not have much in this world, but she had her self-respect, and her reputation, and she planned to keep a firm hold on both. Mr. Audley peeked in. â€Å"How very blue,† he remarked. She could not help but smile. â€Å"And silken.† â€Å"Indeed.† He stepped inside. â€Å"You're not going to join me?† â€Å"Oh, no.† â€Å"Didn't think you would. Pity. I'm going to have to loll about all on my own, rolling in all this silken blue splendor.† â€Å"The dowager was right,† Grace said with a shake of her head. â€Å"You're never serious.† â€Å"Not true. I'm quite frequently serious. It's up to you to figure out when.† He shrugged as he wandered over to the writing desk, his fingers trailing idly along the blotter until they slid off the edge and back to his side. â€Å"I find it convenient to keep people guessing.† Grace said nothing, just watched him inspect his room. She ought to go. She rather thought she wanted to go, actually; all day she'd been longing to crawl into bed and go to sleep. But she stayed. Just watching him, trying to imagine what it was like to see all of this for the first time. She had entered Belgrave Castle as a servant. He was quite possibly its master. It had to be strange. It had to be overwhelming. She didn't have the heart to tell him that this wasn't the fanciest or most ostentatious guest bedchamber. Not even close. â€Å"Excellent art,† he commented, tilting his head as he regarded a painting on the wall. She nodded, her lips parting, then closing again. â€Å"You were about to tell me it's a Rembrandt.† Her lips parted again, but this time in surprise. He hadn't even been looking at her. â€Å"Yes,† she admitted. â€Å"And this?† he asked, turning his attention to the one underneath. â€Å"Caravaggio?† She blinked. â€Å"I don't know.† â€Å"I do,† he said, in a tone that was somehow both impressed and grim. â€Å"It's a Caravaggio.† â€Å"You are a connoisseur?† she asked, and she noticed that her toes had somehow crossed the threshold of the room. Her heels were still safe and proper, resting on the corridor floor, but her toes†¦ They itched in her slippers. They longed for adventure. She longed for adventure. Mr. Audley moved to another painting – the east wall was full of them – and murmured, â€Å"I would not say that I am a connoisseur, but yes, I do like art. It's easy to read.† â€Å"To read?† Grace stepped forward. What an odd statement. He nodded. â€Å"Yes. Look here.† He pointed to a woman in what looked like a post-Renaissance work. She was seated upon a lavish chair, cushioned in dark velvet, edged with thick, twisting gold. Perhaps a throne? â€Å"Look at the way the eyes look down,† he said. â€Å"She is watching this other woman. But she is not looking at her face. She's jealous.† â€Å"No, she's not.† Grace moved to his side. â€Å"She's angry.† â€Å"Yes, of course. But she's angry because she's jealous.† â€Å"Of her?† Grace responded, pointing to the â€Å"other† woman in the corner. Her hair was the color of wheat, and she was clad in a filmy Grecian robe. It ought to have been scandalous; one of her breasts seemed poised to pop out at any moment. â€Å"I don't think so. Look at her.† She motioned to the first woman, the one on the throne. â€Å"She has everything.† â€Å"Everything material, yes. But this woman† – he motioned to the one in the Grecian robe – â€Å"has her husband.† â€Å"How can you even know she is married?† Grace squinted and leaned in, inspecting her fingers for a ring, but the brushwork was not fine enough to make out such a small detail. â€Å"Of course she is married. Look at her expression.† â€Å"I see nothing to indicate wifeliness.† He lifted a brow. â€Å"Wifeliness?† â€Å"I'm quite certain it's a word. More so than truthiness, in any case.† She frowned. â€Å"And if she is married, then where is the husband?† â€Å"Right there,† he said, touching the intricate gilt frame, just beyond the woman in the Grecian robe. â€Å"How can you possibly know that? It's beyond the edge of the canvas.† â€Å"You need only to look at her face. Her eyes. She is gazing at the man who loves her.† Grace found that intriguing. â€Å"Not at the man she loves?† â€Å"I can't tell,† he said, his head tilting slightly. They stood in silence for a moment, then he said, â€Å"There is an entire novel in this painting. One need only take the time to read it.† He was right, Grace realized, and it was unsettling, because he wasn't supposed to be so perceptive. Not him. Not the glib, jaunty highwayman who couldn't be bothered to find a proper profession. â€Å"You're in my room,† he said. She stepped back. Abruptly. â€Å"Steady now.† His arm shot out and his hand found her elbow. She couldn't scold him, not really, because she would have fallen. â€Å"Thank you,† she said softly. He didn't let go. She'd regained her balance. She was standing straight. But he didn't let go. And she did not pull away.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Reaction Paper

My Reaction to I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou once proclaimed in an interview, â€Å"All my work is meant to say, ‘You may encounter many defeats but you must not be defeated’† (Anthology). This statement holds especially true in her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Her inspirational coming of age story is filled with many defeats that shaped her into the independent and compassionate woman she became. After reading this book, I found there to be many meaningful areas that opened up my eyes and made me think again about my own personal and professional development.In addition, it allowed me to inquire more questions and wanted me to learn more about Maya Angelou’s path to greatness. There were many significant parts in Angelou’s autobiography that dealt with the issues of racism, sexism, violence, and loneliness. In my opinion, the parts that dealt with these various issues were most meaningful because they are controversi al issues that Angelou was courageous enough to write about. From the start of the book, Angelou expresses her racist views when she is in church and fantasizes that one day she will wake up out of her â€Å"black ugly dream. This part of the book foreshadows the rest of the racist events that will occur throughout the novel. For instance, the time when Angelou goes to the dentist with her Momma, the dentist says he would rather stick his hand in the mouth of a dog than in her mouth. Later in the book, Angelou discusses how she is raped by her mother’s boyfriend. She does not speak for five years because of this sexual assault. Later on, when her silence is broken, Angelou is involved with a violent attack. This time it is her father’s girlfriend who stabs her with scissors out of pure jealousy.Throughout the book Angelou feels alone because she has insecurities about the way that she looks and the color of her skin. Her loneliness is drawn out more after she is raped because she puts the blame on herself. All these monumental parts of the book are most meaningful because it shows Angelou’s endurance and how her life is not frayed by the unfortunate events that took place in her life. Throughout her childhood, Angelou experienced things that she should have never had to experience. It is admirable to think that with so many negatives in ones life Angelou was able to become such a successful person.Reading about Angelou’s experiences led me to think about my development as a person. Maya Angelou turned out to be successful even through her harsh childhood. I then question myself about what is stopping myself from developing in such way with a normal childhood. Upon finishing I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, I took away many reasons why this book will help my personal and professional development. I never experienced a traumatic childhood quite the way Angelou did. Therefore, I should be more thankful for the loving family I have, th e non-prejudice community I live in, my safety, and my college education.If Angelou was as victorious as she was all while enduring major hardships, then there is no excuse for me not to be. This book has also taught me, even though I may not see it, that people do go through hardships. For example, when Angelou took a vow of silence after her rape, no one understood why she was doing it. There is always a reason for why a person acts in the way that they do. As a professional, I will do my best not to judge anyone on the outside because I have no idea what goes on in their personal life. As a future occupational therapist, I will try to have my clients open up to me.Therefore, I can find out what is going on in their personal life and not judge them, but help them instead. I may have an impact on a clients life just by giving them an equal opportunity. There are many questions I raised and areas that I would like to learn more about upon finishing the autobiography of Maya Angelou. The novel ends in a positive picture of Maya with her newborn son. I question how much did Angelou’s life change with her newborn son and how she was able to accomplish so many things while taking care of her child?She, after all, was involved with the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and published many famous works of literature. Was it hard for her as an African American woman to achieve so much while facing racism and sexism? Lastly, how does her story end? Does Angelou end up with a loving husband whom she could’ve celebrated all her achievements with? My response to this novel is a positive one. The most meaningful part of this book is the way that Angelou was able to find herself while enduring major conflicts such as racism, sexism, violence, and loneliness. In her wn words she did encounter many defeats, but that did not stop her from being the best that she could be. For that reason Maya Angelou is an inspiration and a role model. From reading this book I know now that I am capable of developing myself more personally and professionally. I have not encountered many defeats in my life but if I were I know that I can brave the storm and not be defeated, just like Angelou was not. References Angelou, M. (1997). I know why the caged bird sings. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. Douglass, F. (2004). The norton anthology of african american literature. (2 ed. ). New York New York: W. W. Norton and company.

Critically discuss the work and skills involved in front-line jobs and Essay

Critically discuss the work and skills involved in front-line jobs and the extent to which these skills are controlled - Essay Example They are associated with the daily operations of a company and have direct contact with the money making process of the company. Some examples of front line workers include the assembly worker, bank tellers, and workers servicing in the service industry. Skills of frontline workers are crucial to the success of an organization. Skills in people can be improved upon by imparting training to them. The key concept of skill has been explained in the human capital theory by Schultz. According to the human capital theory, the productivity of workers can increase manifold if they are imparted useful knowledge and skills. This will inevitably lead to increase in their future earnings and future income. This theory rests on the importance of firm-specific training. The paper will focus on skills needed at work in lieu of front line workers. The paper will discuss the work and skills involved in front-line jobs and the extent to which these skills are controlled. Various theories and counter t heories and evidence will be presented from literature to support the argument. The crux of the argument would revolve around the importance of training and using measures like performance appraisals to build on skills needed for front line workers. Skills Skills have been increasingly debated world over. According to many critics this term is very popular amongst most managers, policy makers and academic circles in precarious and amorphous ways to the point that today it comes close to meaning everything yet nothing. Spenners study on skills shows that there used to be a unanimous consensus that skills comprise of two main elements. These are job complexity and job discretion. Job complexity implies the simplicity and difficulty associated with doing a particular job. Task discretion refers to the extent to which decision making power is given to the job holder. Does the worker have enough latitude to choose from a wide range of techniques in solving a problem or does he have to pa ss on the problem to an expert worker or does he have to ask a supervisor?. It is said the greater the latitude the job holder has, the higher skilled is the job. (Tett , 1991) An important aspect of skilled jobs that has been debated over and over again is the proxies which are used to measure skills and the kind of competencies that they measures. The most popular modes of skill assessment have been requirement qualifications and the level of training needed to inculcate those skills. These are partial measures of skill assessment. Skills and their control has often been a crucial aspect of debates in policy circles and academia. These debates have varied from skills related to people working in the manufacturing sector to people associated with the service sector. These could be home care assistants, the nurses, the retail store workers, the call center workers and the job centre work. However work on service sector related skills and has often raised eyebrows by analysts. Some a nalysts feel that the neglect should not be treated as astonishing and shocking as the same principles apply equally from manufacturing related workers to services related workers and from knowledge work to services. (Salgado, 1999) Recently conducted surveys by the Institute of Employment studies and MoRI denote that the major areas of deficiencies in the skills of front line workers are in communication skills. According to the survey, this skill deficiency leaps across the board

Will be doing a video essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Will be doing a video - Essay Example Being such, I would know which area of study I should work harder to become better in my practice. This pursuit of becoming better as a nurse by pursuing a Master’s Degree does not only improves the prospect of my career in the long run but also makes me a more effective, compassionate nurse and in a way, an instrument that improve and make people’s lives better. This is consistent with Georgetown University’s mission of â€Å"promoting health and well-being for all people, with its emphasis on preparing students to be morally reflective health care leaders and scholars† which to my understanding is to genuinely care for people’s health and well-being as well improving myself as a nurse. I anticipate that the academic environment at Georgetown University will be rigorous considering that it is one of the best universities in the world in the field of nursing. This however for my own good because those rigorous training will make me a better

Plasmid mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Plasmid mapping - Essay Example This DNA is now called as recombinant DNA. These vectors replicate inside the host cell along with the inserted DNA. These vectors are of two types: expression vectors (expression of the cloned gene to give the desired protein) and cloning vectors (produce millions of copies of cloned DNA). (Sambrook and Russell 2001). Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes that cut the DNA at the specific sequences. There are about 200 different restriction enzymes. (Brown 1995). The most common restriction endonucleases are EcoR1, BamH 1 and Pst1. All these restriction enzymes have sticky ends. The recognition sites for these restriction enzymes are as follows: EcoRI recognition site = G|AATTC Bam H1 recognition site = G|GATCC C TTAA |G C C T A GIG and Pst 1 recognition site = CTGCAIG GIACGTC (Siwach and Singh 2007). The pieces of DNA that remain after the digestion with the restriction enzymes are called as restriction fragments. Each restriction enzyme has a unique code and it cuts the DNA int o fragments with either sticky or blunt ends. A restriction map gives us the location where the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA. This restriction digestion is used for two purposes: Restriction mapping and specific DNA cleavage for the production of new constructs. The restriction mapping is used to identify the plasmids. The number of DNA fragments and the size of the DNA fragments depend upon the action of the restriction enzyme. These DNA fragments thus obtained are separated using the Agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is the most powerful technique for separating the biomolecules. The DNA are negatively charged particles that are attracted towards the opposite charge under the influence of electric field. Here the agarose gel is the solid matrix. The solid matrix controls the rate of migration of the molecules based on the size of the particles and the concentration of the gel. The buffer is a mixture of organic and inorganic salts that helps to conduct the electr ic current between the positive and negative terminals. To visualize the DNA bands present in the gel, stains such as methylene blue and ethidium bromide are used. In our experiment we use ethidium bromide that fluorescence’s under the UV light. Ethidium bromide intercalates between the base pairs of DNA and fluorescence when exposed to the light of 250 – 300 nm. (Sambrook and Russell 2001). Materials and method: The materials are the same as mentioned in the practical handbook. Restriction mapping consists of three important steps. They are restriction enzyme digestion, agarose gel preparation and sample loading. 1) Restriction Enzyme digestion: The unknown plasmid sample is taken and they are digested using the restriction enzyme. The standard concentration of the plasmid DNA is 1 ?g/ 5 ?l. In order to standardize the plasmid and to enhance the enzyme reaction, 2 ?l of enzyme buffer is added to the digest. 1 ?l of the enzyme is added to the sample. The volume of the digest is made upto 20 ?l using the sterile water. The composition of the digest is as follows: For this Restriction digestion, BameH1,Pst1 and EcoR1 restriction enzymes were used. The final volume of each restriction digest was 20 microlitres. ? Hind3 (Marker)-Distance moved in the gel mm Plasmid DNA Enzyme 10Xenzyme buffer Sterile water Total EcoR1 5Â µl 1Â µl 2Â µl 12Â µl 20Â µl Pst1 5Â µl 1Â µl 2